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Beginning in 2. 00. Mostly known as Silver Alerts, these programs feature a structured set of criteria and procedures for law enforcement to institute an alert. They may vary in the eligibility required to activate an alert, such as a specific age and/or diagnosis of cognitive impairment; the eligibility of a person who can file a missing persons report, such as a spouse, legal custodian or agency; the protocol to verify that a person is missing; and how law enforcement implements the alert, such as via media, recorded calls or highway signs. However, the one common thread is the premise behind these alerts: to help locate someone whose disappearance poses a threat to the person’s health and safety, including serious bodily harm or death. As of June 2. 01. Silver Alert programs. Several others are pending. For more information, contact the state agency responsible for the program’s administration or local law enforcement. Alabama Name: Missing Senior Alert Plan. Eligibility: senior citizen with dementia or other deterioration of intellectual faculties. Administrator: Alabama Department of Public Safety. Arizona Name: Endangered Person Alert. Eligibility: adult with significant health problem or medically- diagnosed disability (i. Carlton County Employee Emergency Alert Program; Employee Only Email Access. Financial & Health Care Assistance. Cash Assistance Programs: Minnesota Health Care Programs. Education and Care S tate Listing of Silver Alert Programs. Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension. 41 Programs in 'Minnesota' America’s VetDogs. Geographical Area Served: Full Service (including Seizure alert and Cardiac Syncope alert) - anywhere in USA, Social. Assistance Dogs and Support Dogs for PTSD. DHS contracts with managed care organizations (MCOs) and counties or groups of counties (also known as County Based Purchasing or CBP) to provide health care services for recipients of Minnesota Health Care Programs (MHCP). Rochester Community and Technical College, located in Rochester, MN offers many programs of study ranging from certificate, diploma, degree, and transfer options. In Minnesota, beef and dairy show. Afterschool Alert Issue Brief from the Afterschool Alliance on expanding learning opportunities and ensuring student success in the 21st century. Administrator: Arizona Department of Public Safety. Arkansas Name: Silver Alert. Eligibility: senior or adult with cognitive disorder. Administrator: Arkansas State Police/Arkansas Sheriffs’ Association/Arkansas Association of Chiefs of Police. Colorado Name: Missing Senior Citizen and Person with Developmental Disabilities Alert Program. Eligibility: 6. 0 or older with verified impaired mental condition; person with developmental disability. Administrator: Colorado Department of Public Safety, Bureau of Investigation Connecticut Name: Silver Alert. Eligibility: 6. 5 or older; 1. Administrator: Connecticut Department of Public Safety. Delaware Name: Gold Alert Program. Eligibility: 6. 0 or older; person with disability. Administrator: Delaware State Police. Florida Name: Silver Alert. Eligibility: cognitively- impaired adults who become lost while driving. Administrator: Florida Department of Law Enforcement. Georgia Name: Mattie’s Call. Eligibility: adults who are cognitively- impaired or developmentally- impaired. Administrator: Georgia Bureau of Investigation. Illinois Name: Endangered Missing Person Advisory Program. Eligibility: seniors with Alzheimer’s disease or other dementia. Administrator: Illinois Department of Aging/Illinois State Police. Indiana Name: Silver Alert. Eligibility: 1. 8 or older with mental illness, dementia or other physical or mental incapacity. Administrator: Indiana Clearinghouse for Information on Missing Children and Missing Endangered Adults/Indiana State Police. Iowa Name: Endangered Person Advisory. Eligibility: adults with dementia. Administrator: Iowa Department of Public Safety. Kansas Name: Silver Alert. Eligibility: person with dementia; 6. Administrator: Kansas Bureau of Investigation Kentucky Name: Golden Alert. Eligibility: i mpaired person with developmental disability; person with physical, mental or cognitive impairment Administrator: Kentucky Division of Emergency Management. Louisiana Name: Silver Alert. Eligibility: 6. 0 or older with diagnosed mental impairment. Administrator: Louisiana Department of Public Safety and Corrections. Maine Name: Silver Alert Program. Eligibility: adults with dementia or developmental disabilities. Administrator: Maine Department of Public Safety. Maryland Name: Silver Alert Program. Eligibility: 6. 0 or older with cognitive impairment. Administrator: Maryland State Police. Massachusetts Name: Silver Alert Community Response System. Eligibility: adult with serious memory impairment. Administrator: Massachusetts Executive Office of Public Safety. Minnesota Name: Missing Children and Endangered Persons’ Program aka Brandon’s Law Eligibility: all ages, including mentally impaired Administrator: Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension. Mississippi Name: Silver Alert System. Eligibility: 1. 8 or older with dementia or other cognitive impairment. Administrator: Mississippi Department of Public Safety. Missouri Name: Endangered Person Advisory. Eligibility: 1. 8 or older Administrator: Missouri State Highway Patrol. Montana Name: Missing and Endangered Person Advisory. Eligibility: person believed to be in danger due to age, health, mental or physical disability. Administrator: Montana Department of Justice, Division of Criminal Investigation. Nevada Name: Statewide Alert System for Safe Return of Missing Endangered Older Persons. Eligibility: 6. 0 or older. Administrator: Nevada Department of Public Safety. New Hampshire Name: Missing Persons With a Developmental Disability and Missing Senior Citizen Alert Program Eligibility: persons with developmental disability; 5. Administrator: New Hampshire State Police. New Jersey Name: Silver Alert System. Eligibility: person with cognitive impairment. Administrator: New Jersey State Police. New Mexico Name: Endangered Person Advisory. Eligibility: endangered person, including person with degenerative brain disorder. Administrator: New Mexico Department of Public Safety. New York Name: Missing Vulnerable Adult Alert Program. Eligibility: 1. 8 or older with cognitive disorder, mental disability or brain disorder. Administrator: New York Division of Criminal Justice Services/ Missing Persons Clearinghouse. North Carolina Name: Silver Alert Program. Eligibility: person with dementia or cognitive impairment. Administrator: North Carolina Department of Public Safety. Ohio Name: Missing Adult Alert. Eligibility: 6. 5 or older; or adult with mental impairment. Administrator: Ohio Bureau of Criminal Identification and Investigation. Oklahoma Name: Silver Alert Program. Eligibility: 6. 0 or older with dementia or other cognitive impairment. Administrator: Oklahoma Department of Public Safety. Pennsylvania Name: Missing and Endangered Person Advisory System (MEPAS)Eligibility: endangered person due to age, mental or physical disability. Administrator: Pennsylvania State Police. Rhode Island Name: Missing Senior Citizen Alert Program. Eligibility: 6. 0 or older with impaired mental condition. Administrator: Rhode Island State Police. South Carolina Name: Endangered Person Notification System. Eligibility: person with dementia or other cognitive impairment. Administrator: South Carolina Law Enforcement Division of Missing Persons/Missing Person Information Center. South Dakota Name: Endangered Person’s Advisory. Eligibility: person believed to be in danger due to age, health, mental or physical disability. Administrator: South Dakota State Police. Tennessee Name: Senior Alert. Eligibility: 1. 8 or older with dementia or disabled. Administrator: Tennessee Bureau of Investigation. Texas Name: Silver Alert. Eligibility: 6. 5 or older with diagnosed impaired mental condition. Administrator: Texas Department of Public Safety. Virginia Name: Senior Alert System. Eligibility: 6. 0 or older with cognitive impairment. Administrator: Virginia State Police. West Virginia Name: Silver Alert Plan. Eligibility: person with cognitive impairment. Administrator: West Virginia State Police. Utah Name: Endangered Person Advisory. Eligibility: person believed to be in danger due to age, health, mental or physical disability. Administrator: Utah Department of Public Safety. Washington Name: Endangered Missing Person Advisory Plan. Eligibility: person believed to be in danger due to age, health, mental or physical disability. Administrator: Washington State Patrol, Missing Persons Unit. Wisconsin Name: Endangered Missing Person Alert. Eligibility: person believed to be in danger. Administrator: Wisconsin Crime Alert Network/Wisconsin Department of Justice. Wyoming Name: Endangered Person Advisory. Eligibility: person believed to be in danger. Administrator: Wyoming Division of Criminal n. Pending: California, Hawaii, Michigan No program: Alaska, Idaho, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oregon, Vermont Note: As of June 2. Click here to read about causes of behavioral symptoms. Click here to read about additional strategies to manage behavioral symptoms. 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Stored Program Control - SPCThe switching procedures in SPC exchanges arc controlled by means of stored programs (a program is a sequence of instructions stored in the computer memory). The SPC uses a computer as the time- shared control. The computer is defined by the program stored in its memory. Stored program control of switching systems is based on this principle. The computer controllers provide the time- shared decision maker, expressed as programs, which can be used to change or extend the functions of a control system. In the figure registers are connected to the processor with input/output interfaces to the register access switch. Each interface has an address and may be connected to the input/ output buses by loading that address into the address buffer. There is a third memory called translation memory, which translate the information dialed by the subscriber into specific actions. It is part of the program but is treated independently, so that the program may be used for any similar system. The register interfaces have one or more inputs and are scanned at regular intervals. These scan points are accessed by loading the address of the required register into the address buffer. Decoding the address returns the state of the required scan points. The outputs of the interfaces are treated similarly. Electronic & Digital Switching Systems.In operation, an external clock pulse triggers the computer. An overall control program, after loading the address and setting one of the call memories to point to the block of the memory associated with the first register, then hands over to the register program that decides whether any action is required for the current state and input. The next register is addressed, when the register program has completed its actions and the overall control memory modifies the addresses of the input/output buffer and call memory index. When all the registers have been dealt with, the computer waits for the next clock pulse before restarting a new scan. The SPC has the following advantages over other types of control: By changing the program, changes in the working of the exchangecan be made at any time. Thus new services for the used and newmaintenance and monitoring procedures can be introduced. It provides cheaper inter- exchange signaling, i. Common Channel. Signaling. No compromise between the efficiency of the switching network andthe cost of a marker. The SPC exchange does introduce certain problems also. For example, its cost is independent of the size of the exchange and in case of break down of the computer ihe exchange will stop functioning. APPLICATION OF COMPUTER IN DIGITAL EXCHANGE A computer is programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data. The use of computer and, more recently, microprocessor has brought a revolution in the design and operation of switching systems. In modern exchanges, particularly those using S. P. C., the use of a powerful and highly reliable computer control all the functions of an exchange. Stored program control (SPC) is a telecommunications technology used for telephone exchanges controlled by a computer program stored in the memory of the switching system. SPC was the enabling technology of electronic. Communication Systems/Telephone System. These are the most common types of telephone exchanges. Why does the standard telephone exchange need to provide BORSCHT? Chapter 5 TELEPHONE EXCHANGE & TRUNK EXCHANGE 5.1 EXCHANGES All Telephone Exchanges shall be. Electronic Digital Stored Program Control (SPC) Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Time Division Multiplexing. Title: Generic specification for stored program control digital private automatic branch telephone exchange system. All the information used in the translation processes are stored in the computer, thus it is easier to update the system when required. The computer has a complete overview of the system, so is able to analyse traffic patterns and diagnose faults more easily. Details of traffic and faults along with information for the preparation of user's bills can also be recorded in the computer. Special services, which would be used by only a few users, can be provided more efficiently. The computer can also share between its own exchange and the remote exchange by a control signaling link. Thus functions which are expensive and inconvenient to perform locally can be controlled from a central computer. Communication Systems/Telephone System - Wikibooks, open books for an open world. From the western perspective, the telephone is ubiquitous. However, the reality is that 8. Relatively few people need to know how the PSTN works. The main consideration is that it works, and is relatively inexpensive. The PSTN has a designed reliability of 9. A Telephone Call. The central office monitors this loop current and interprets it as a request for service. The office acknowledges the request for service by sending dial tone. Cookies are very small text files that are stored on your computer when you visit some websites. A telephone exchange is a telecommunications. In Europe other early telephone exchanges were. Electronic switching systems gradually evolved in stages from electromechanical hybrids with stored program control to the. This normally occurs in less time than it takes to pickup the handset and place it to the ear. Once dial tone has been received, the subscriber starts to dial. In the past, when dialing, a rotary dial switch opened and closed the loop in a predetermined manner. If one was very coordinated, it was possible to perform the same task by flashing the hook switch. To assure the customer that the system is responding, dial tone is removed once dialing starts. In most systems today DTMF (dual tone multi frequency) signaling is used How Telephones Work. Depending upon the office type and digits received, a number of things might happen. In most cases, end- users are attached to what is called a class 5 or end- office. These are the most common types of telephone exchanges. Each class 5 office has one or more, three digit exchange numbers. These are the first three digits in an ordinary 7- digit telephone number. If the central office includes the customer dialed exchange number, it will know that the call is local and the other party is connected to the same office. The office will therefor control the entire call setup and takedown. If the first three digits do not correspond to an exchange handled by the end- office, it will have to find a trunk line to an office that can handle the call. This means that each office must know the exchange numbers of all the offices within its calling area, and how to get to them. The call setup and takedown will therefor be shared between the two exchanges. They must monitor the call in progress and inform each other of any change in call status. If the first digit dialed is a one, the office will recognize this as a long distance call, and will start looking for a spare toll trunk. A toll office has a greater knowledge base as to where distant exchanges are located and how to get to them. The telephone system must be intelligent enough to recognize that in a local call, only seven digits are usually required. Some very small exchanges however, allow local calls by omitting the exchange number and using only the last 4 digits or extension number. In large urban areas, it may be necessary to prefix local calls with a 3- digit area code. An international call may require up to 1. Once the entire number has been received, the office at each end of the connection must alert both parties as to what is happening. Administration of Telephone Exchange. Stored Program Control Exchange Environment P1 C P2 M1. Chapter 2 Evaluation of Switching System 240810new. At the originating end, a ringing tone is sent to the speaker in the handset. At the terminating end, the office is generating a much larger ringing voltage to activate a bell. The far- end- office monitors the line to determine if someone answers the ringing phone. This is done by examining the DC current drawn when the far- end customer lifts the handset, inducing loop current through the hook switch. The far- end- office must then disconnect the ringing before the handset reaches the ear, and signals back to the originating office that someone has picked up the phone. The origination office must then disconnect the ring back tone and complete the voice connection. Both end- offices monitor their respective loop currents during the entire call to determine if one party hangs up. Once this happens, one end- office signals the other, and dial tone is placed on the loop. This alerts the remaining party that the connection has been terminated. If the line is in use, the central office will not set up the connection and return a busy tone to the originator. By doing this switching, call processing, and transmission resources are not being tied up unnecessarily. However, there are a number of options such as call forwarding and call waiting which modify this process. With call forwarding, a call to a busy number is routed to an answering service. With call waiting, the calling party hears a ringing tone, and the called party hears a beep, which they can either ignore or signal back to the office that the new call should be given priority over the existing call. If however, the call cannot be completed because the system itself is too busy, it returns a fast busy tone to the originator. In a touch- tone environment, the same procedure is followed, except that tones are used to convey numbers to the local office instead of interrupting loop current. Some calling features, generally known as CLASS (Custom Local Area Signaling Services) , are available in areas with touch- tone service. But where do the telephone wires go? These are often located on a pole or small enclosure on the street. The service area interface bundles the subscriber drop cables into a single larger cable. These are in turn gathered together to form larger feeder cables. The entire wiring system somewhat resembles a huge tree. Cables coming out of a central office may have hundreds or even thousands of pairs bundled together however by the time the cable gets to the end user, it is generally down to about 5. An individual subscriber consists of many cable sections spliced together. Bellcore claims that the average U. S. Each feeder may contain hundreds of pairs of wires, and be pressurized in order to prevent moisture or ground water from entering and affecting the transmission characteristics of the wire. A typical vault may contain tens of thousands of wire pairs. The cables pass through the vault and are terminated on the vertical side of the MDF (main distribution frame) . To protect the central office equipment from high voltage transients, such as lightning strikes, which may travel down the wire, the lines are surge protected by carbon blocks or gas tubes. The horizontal side of the MDF, connects the incoming telephone lines to the peripheral equipment. All that is required to connect a line appearance to a specific interface is to place a jumper between the vertical and horizontal sides of the MDF. Signals coming from an end- user are generally analog in nature. Consequently, the peripheral equipment converts the signals to digital form before passing them on to the rest of the network. Incoming trunks from other central offices are comprised of specialized carrier systems. They may be either analog or digital, but all new systems are strictly digital. Most end- user voice & data interfaces are multiplexed on to high- speed paths, which pass through the internal switching, network before being routed to outgoing lines or trunks. Incoming digital carrier systems may be accepted directly into the switching network through a cross- connect or may be demultiplexed prior to switching. PSTN Hierarchy. The most common of these is the class 5 end- office. An end- office connects directly to subscriber telephone sets and performs switching functions over a relatively small area. Telephone exchanges connect to subscribers by means of local loops or lines, generally one per customer. Telephone offices connect to each other by means of trunks. A class 5 or end- office interconnects telephones throughout a small service area. Each end- office may contain several three- digit exchange numbers and is aware of other local exchange numbers held by other offices. Calls between offices are routed over interoffice or tandem trunks. Long distance calls are routed to toll offices via toll trunks. The average class 5 office serves approximately 4. Some nodes may have no customers at all, and may be connected only to other nodes. These inter- node or trunk connections are usually made by FDM or TDM transmission links. Exchange Area Network. A tandem office interconnects class 5 offices by means of twisted pair, coax, microwave, or fiber optic carriers. Alternate routing paths between local exchanges are provided if the direct trunks are occupied. An exchange area includes all of the offices, which are aware of each other, but do not involve long distance charges. In very large urban areas, there is an overlap between exchange areas, which may also cross over area code boundaries. Long Haul Network. Toll offices keep track of long distance charges and are typically confined to national boundaries. These trunks consist of high capacity coax, microwave, or glass fiber. Messages used to control the call setup and takedown can be sent by two basic methods. Traditionally, inter- office messages are sent over the same channel that will carry the voice path, but in newer systems, common channel signaling is being employed. In this method, the offices have dedicated facilities, which are used to send inter- office messages. There are some advantages to this, perhaps the notable being the added degree of difficulty encountered if one wants to defraud the system. When in- band signaling was used, it was possible for people to dial long distance calls without being charged, if they created the tones used to disable the toll circuit. Interoffice Signaling. It is necessary for these links to exchange on a wide range of information including. Information can be conveyed in the same channel that will be used to convey the voice signal, or it may be completely disassociated with it. The CAS (Channel Associated Signaling) approach uses the voice channel to send information through a trunk. For example, a 2. Hz tone is used in interoffice trunks to signal on- hook. A major disadvantage of this system is that subscribers can bypass toll centers by injecting the appropriate tones. One way to avoid this problem is by using out- of- band signals on toll trunks. Out- of- band signaling allows for continuous supervision of the connection throughout the call. |
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